Cesare Borgia as Machiavellis Instrument - Literature Essay Samples

Using the model of Cesare Borgia in The Prince, Machiavelli proposes a new theory of virtue that is consistent with no moral standard other than what is called for by necessity. To do this, Machiavelli first discusses Cesares virtue, and then proceeds to suggest how Cesares virtue falls short. His interpretation of the rise and fall of Cesares virtue in Chapter VII serves to demonstrate that Machiavellian virtue has a telos it looks toward the end of not simply acquiring but maintaining the state. Cesare becomes the instrument of Machiavelli whose story is used not just to redefine virtue but to show the repercussions of this virtue for Machiavellis chosen new prince, Lorenzo de Medici.Although Machiavelli closes Chapter VII by showing that Cesares virtues are ultimately incomplete, he does not deny the prince the virtue that is due him. The example of Cesare Borgia is a parable of the prince who acquires his state through, as the chapter title states, others arms and fortune thos e of his father, Pope Alexander VI but whose inheritance is neither sufficient nor complete (7.25). It is the parable of a special breed of hereditary prince who must become a new prince through his own virtue. He must put his roots in the states that the arms and fortune of others had given him (7.27). There are two main ideas found in this depiction of Cesare?s virtue. Virtue is necessarily adaptable, enabling one to build on what one has inherited, and it follows the trend of founding, the planting of one?s roots. The new prince must found a new order through a constant reevaluation of virtue depending on his need. However, creating this new order requires renewing ?old orders through new modes? (7.32).What are the old orders restored through Cesare?s virtue, and what new modes does he employ? As for old orders, Machiavelli offers three. First, Cesare renews the civic order of the state. ?His cruelty restored the Romagna, united it, and reduced it to peace and to faith,? in cont rast to the Florentine people who sacrifice civic order for the appearance of mercy (17.65). It is Alexander VI before him who upsets the orders of the Orsini and Colonna noble factions of Rome ?to bring disorder to their states so as to be able to make himself lord securely of part of them? (7.27). These states are disrupted on the course toward Cesare?s security, and the virtuous prince, by uniting the Romagna, rebuilds what has been destroyed in the paving of his path. In addition, Cesare renews the public order through a bond with his people. This bond takes on a spiritual dimension through a covenant between the ruler and the ruled. Cesare kills his minister Remirro de Orco to show that the cruelty Remirro exercises, indeed cruelty in general, is necessary but not unconstrained ? when its necessity passes, it will too. Remirro is sacrificed to establish this covenant, ?to purge the spirits of that people and to gain them entirely to himself? (7.30). Finally, Cesare fulfills the oldest order, that of the filial relationship and filial duty to his father Pope Alexander VI. As Cesare is used as Machiavelli?s instrument to redefine virtue, so Cesare, the new prince, is conceived as the ?instrument? of Alexander (11.46). It was Alexander who ?decided to make his son the duke great,? and Cesare has been given this task as his patrimony: to fulfill the prophecy initiated by Alexander, with his sword drawn in the image of Moses, to become ?great? (7.27).Cesare?s virtue is no less seen in the new modes with which he renews these old orders. The duke does not depend ?on the arms and fortunes of others? (7.28). Instead, he shows the flexibility to adapt, going from auxiliary to mercenary arms until he becomes ?the total owner of his arms? (13.55). The self-sufficient nature of the prince?s virtue is supplemented by its acquisitive nature. Machiavelli constantly focuses on Cesare?s ability to ?gain? people to himself, because he understands that ?men have to be won o ver or lost? (72E31). This acquisition extends to the future; Cesare is not content with his present fortune. He secures himself politically for what may come through four modes: eliminating the bloodlines of lords he had offended, winning over Roman gentlemen to keep the pope in check, gaining representation in the College of Cardinals, and acquiring empire to resist attacks (7.31). The new mode with which Cesare operates is best captured in the listing Machiavelli gives at the close of Chapter VII: the mode of constant motion exhibited in the well-chosen, well-executed turn between virtue, as traditionally held, and vice. Cesare?s ability ?to secure himself against enemies, to gain friends to himself . . . to make himself loved and feared by the people . . . to be severe and pleasant, magnanimous and liberal, to eliminate an unfaithful military, to create a new one,? as necessity dictates, is testimony to his Machiavellian virtue (7.32).However, Machiavelli?s final judgment shows Cesare?s virtue to be incomplete. If the prince had succeeded wholly, if he had grasped complete virtue, ?he would have stood by himself and would no longer have depended on the fortune and force of someone else, but on his own power and virtue? (7.31). Cesare does not stand by himself, ultimately, because he errs in the creation of Julius II as pope, whom his father had offended, and whose ?force? brings Cesare down in the end. The duke has learned ?to be able not to be good? but does not fulfill the second part of the equation: ?to use this and not use it according to necessity? (15.61). Machiavelli stresses that although Cesare ?could not make a pope to suit himself, he could have kept anyone from being pope? (7.33). Necessity drives the ideal prince, but what necessity called for and what was in Cesare?s power to do ? thwarting the papal campaign of an offended man ? Cesare does not do. Instead of relying on his own power, he is obliged to rely on another?s force. Cesare?s virtu e is imperfect because he believes that ?new benefits will make old injuries forgotten,? and in believing this, he ?deceives himself? (7.33).Machiavelli uses the rise and fall of Cesare Borgia and his virtue to bring his new conception of virtue to its final form. Through the account of the prince, Machiavelli implies that virtue is teleological: it describes the means, but always looks to the end of holding the state. Cesare has failed to achieve complete virtue only because he loses his state. Yet as Machiavelli shifts between praise and reluctant condemnation of Cesare, he also wavers in judging the true cause of the prince?s downfall. He first holds that it is Cesare?s ?extreme malignity of fortune? before claiming that it is his error in condoning the making of Julius II, ?the cause of his ultimate ruin? (7.27, 33). Either way, the story of Cesare is useful, especially when we consider The Prince as a work aimed at one man, Lorenzo de? Medici. If fortune has destroyed the princ e, the reader is given the tale of the faultless man brought to fall because of his fortune. Through Cesare, Machiavelli shows the volatility of fortune and how disrespectful of virtue it is. Machiavelli writes in Chapter VI that fortune gives only the opportunity (6.23). Fortune has now given Medici the opportunity; he must act.However, the reading seems to support that it is a shortcoming of virtue that destroys Cesare rather than his fortune. Machiavelli writers, ?in the things that lead men to the end that each has before him, that is, glories and riches, they proceed variously? (25.99). Even against fortune?s variability, the prince can ?proceed;? he can govern himself. And if he governs himself rightly, he will ?change his nature with the times and with affairs,? so that ?his fortune will not change? (25.100). Virtue is not only an able opponent of fortune, but it is its ruler. Thus, if it is a shortcoming of virtue that brings Cesare?s downfall, the new prince can then take f or himself the virtue of Cesare, which Machiavelli does not deny, and complete it, by acquiring and maintaining the state. Machiavelli states that Medici has both fortune and virtue on his side, so either interpretation of Cesare?s fall compels the chosen prince to ?to seize Italy and to free her from the barbarians? (26.101). Machiavelli?s agenda in its barest terms is to overthrow a morally rigid virtue for a virtue that is adaptable and expedient, but it is also to create a new prince who can obtain this virtue. To accomplish this agenda using Cesare as his instrument, Machiavelli examines Cesare?s virtue and how it falls short, thereby proposing a new understanding of virtue with political implications pertinent to his time.

Conflict Resolution At General Hospital Essay - 1302 Words

Conflict Resolution at General Hospital Key Issues This week’s case encompasses a nonprofit community hospital (General Hospital) that has been subjected to competitive forces that have hindered profit margins by directly affecting the patient occupancy by over 25%. In response to the diminishing returns, Mike Hammer, General Hospital’s CEO, decided to curtail spending and increase costs by implementing â€Å"physician-controlled costs.† The following key issues have been attributed to Hammer’s leadership and direction given to Marge Harding, the newly appointed chief operating officer (COO) (Hellriegel Slocum, 2011): 1. Hammer has exhibited unfavorable interpersonal conflict-handling and poor emotional intelligence by not attempting to understand Dr. Mark Williams’, the director of medicine, point of view, hindering potential compromise or the creation of a win-win solution to the revenue issue. 2. The direction Hammer gives to Marge Harding perpetuates a forcing style of conflict handling, which disregards employee considerations. 3. Harding did not discuss internal concerns prior to her decision to terminate Dr. James Boyer and elected to seek advice outside of the organization by contacting Joel Cohen. This may have attributed to a solution that did not consider organizational concerns particular to General Hospital, making it hard to perceive the potential consequences of terminating Dr. James Boyer. 4. Hammer’s disconnection from the decision-making process allowedShow MoreRelatedConflict Resolution at General Hospital1081 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Conflict Resolution at General Hospital† Christy D. Harris Dr. Jack Huddleston, Professor BUS520: Leadership and Organizational Behavior August 20, 2011 Discuss the conflict that is occurring at General Hospital. 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Peace studies questions Free Essay Example, 3500 words

The two definitions differ significantly, as one defines peace as the absence of an element while the other anchors its definition on the presence of a given behavior among people. The two definitions of peace given above have a number of strengths and weaknesses, which makes it possible to conclude there is no universal of peace. Defining violence as the absence of any elements of violence seeks to identify the factors that results into the lack of peace. Violence is the cause of difference between what is actual and what is potential, that which could have been and that which is actually is; moreover, violence is the physical manifestation of the lack of peace and agreement in a society. The presence of violence is an obvious proof of the lack of collective understanding between individuals; therefore, fighting nations and communities use violence on each other as way of disapproving their actions and deeds. Through violence, it is possible to conclude that members of a given society lack understanding and collective understanding. Violence therefore makes it easier to identify the areas of discontent and is a clear variable for peace definition (Galtung, 19 96). The use of violence in the definition of peace however makes a confusing conclusion on the presence or absence of peace. We will write a custom essay sample on Peace studies questions or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now It is not possible to identify the point and area of discontent among people using violence to show disapproval of each other’s action. The presence of peace must be defined by the presence of important aspects upon which it is anchored. The use of absence of violence in definition of peace therefore fails to identify the important elements that must be present for peace to exist in a society. The presence of peace is evident when there is the ability of individuals or groups working together to achieve collective goals. The presence of uniting factors and desires to achieve specific objectives shows the presence of peace. Peace enables individuals to work and achieve goals together, most of which they could not have achieved individually. A definition that embraces the presence of understanding, shared values and ideals and a common goal deeply exhausts what peace actually mean. This definition of peace as the presence of a behavior that enhances collectiveness embraces the factors that affect the presence of peace. This definition however fails to provide the grounds upon to judge the presence or absence of peace. If its presence indicates togetherness and working towards achieving common goals, its absence must demonstrate what actually occurs (Galtung, 1996).

Tarkovskys Cinema Essay - 1026 Words

Tarkovskys Cinema To begin, Tarkovsky’s cinema is not about historical realism or exposing the everyday as it really is. Cinema is unavoidably an especially paranoid representation of experience. Sculpture hewn in time resembles everyday events no more than wood sculpture does stumps. What makes Tarkovsky interesting might be gotten at in terms of doors and windows. Dalle Vacche[1] approaches the array of moments and differences in the style: Tarkovsky’s refusal to attach these faces to a situation, to a decision, or to an exchange of looks with another character makes these anonymous and minor figures especially elusive. Yet their impact is undeniably strong. It is as if the viewer’s mind, unable to read the characters’ eyes,†¦show more content†¦Like Florensky’s[3] idea of reverse perspective in Russian iconic painting, here the level of reality of the Archimedean point of perspective flips from earthly to spiritual. It makes us dreamers. Renaissance painting subordinates every scene to the single eye with all light converging at this single point, but Florensky sees the reverse of this convergence in icons. Multiple sides are visible and the perspective of the painting does not overwhelm that which is seen. Andrei Rublev is, in this way, not such a work of art. If usual film is paranoid experience because, unlike day to day life where the connection between one experience and another depends mostly on faiths in your self, all moments are meaningful and relative, Tarkovsky may reverse this. In film, all gestures, characters and textures ultimately link back together in ways it is yours to discover. In ‘life’, the significance of all the parts, worry not, will happen to you. Looking into Andrei Rublev is such a wasted moment of voyeurism that the transaction is less about vision going out the window than what drifts back in. Lives and times are no longer packaged in the comfortable ‘realistic’ perspectives that conventions such as third person narrative strive to maintain. â€Å"The activity of looking through windows †¦ implies a viewer in a situation of safety, who can dominate the world outside, without giving up control of private space† (DalleShow MoreRelatedThe Cult Of The Second World War Fo r The Soviet Union1269 Words   |  6 Pageseven the homefront itself, as was the tendency of other nations’ films. The devastation of the Eastern Front was simply too enormous for ‘cheery Stalinist propaganda’ to hide, and Soviet audiences acutely aware of its demoralising reality. Soviet cinema of this era therefore most often focused on the exploits of the heroic partisan in occupied territory. Accordingly, one of the most iconic Soviet films of the wartime years was Friedrich Ermler’s She Defends the Motherland (1943). Tremendously popular

The Effects of Wyoming’s Aging Population Essay examples

The Effects of Wyoming’s Aging Population With new medical technology and improved knowledge about health and wellness, American’s life expectancy is longer than ever, with a better expected quality of life as well. Wyoming is the fastest aging state in the country according to the Billing’s Gazette. In addition to an already aging state, Wyoming has been named by national publications as a top place of retirement due to its tax structure and climate. In an article from the Wyoming Tribune-Eagle, it is predicted that by the year 2020 Wyoming will have the highest percentage of residents over the age of 65. With the rapidly rising elderly population, Wyoming faces many challenges and difficulties in its future.†¦show more content†¦Medicare is a government program and unlike private insurance companies, it must pay the costs of any beneficial medical care. From an example in USA Today, they point out that the type of defibrillator put in Vice President Dick Cheney is expected to become standard care f or cardiac patients. The instillation of the defibrillator, which regulates the heart’s electrical rhythms, currently cost about $30,000. This is expected to cost Medicare $14 billion by 2015, if only half of those suffering from heart failure received this treatment. This is a major national concern, but due to Wyoming’s rapidly aging population, Medicare will also become a major cost to the state. Economically, Wyoming is not very diverse. The state’s economy is unable to absorb a range of young or old workers. Natural resources and mining have been the fastest growing jobs in the state, with an increase of 15.5% according to the Casper Star-Tribune. These jobs require hard physical labor and are unable to provide significant work to an aging population. According to AARP economist Clare Hushbeck, people are choosing to work past the customary retirement age of 65. This is due in part to increased knowledge based jobs instead of hard labor. If Wyoming is able to follow this national shift toward knowledge based work, the aging residents and influx of retirees could possibly benefit the state’s economy. Wyoming lacks a younger population

Colonial English Literature free essay sample

COLONIALISM, POST-COLONIALISM POST-COLONIAL INDIAN ENGLISH LITERATURE ABSTRACT Colonialism is the building and maintaining of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. Colonialism normally refers to a period of history from the 15th to the 20th century when people from Europe established colonies on other continents. Collins English Dictionary defines colonialism as the policy of acquiring and maintaining colonies, especially for exploitation. The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy uses the term colonialism to describe the process of European settlement and political control over the rest of the world, including Americas, Australia, and parts of Africa and Asia. Post-colonialism Post-colonialism refers to a set of theories in philosophy and literature that grapple with the legacy of colonial rule. In this sense, postcolonial literature may be considered a branch of postmodern literature concerned with the political and cultural independence of peoples formerly subjugated in colonial empires. Edward Said, a founding figure in post-colonialism, was known best for his book Orientalism (1978). We will write a custom essay sample on Colonial English Literature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The book has been highly influential in postcolonial studies and presented his influential ideas on Orientalism, the Western study of Eastern cultures. Post-colonial literature sometimes called New English literature is a body of literary writings that reacts to the discourse of colonization. Post-colonial literature often involves writings that deal with issues of de-colonization or the political and cultural independence of people formerly subjugated to colonial rule. The term post-colonial literature has taken on many meanings. The three subjects include: 1. Social and cultural change or erosion 2. Misuse of power and exploitation 3. Colonial abandonment and alienation Post-colonial Indian English literature brings to light the erstwhile subjugated Indian pain and ethos through masterpiece works. The beginning of Indian literature in English, with relation to colonialism can be traced to the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. It is a body of literary writings that thoroughly `opposes` to the preaching of colonisation. Post-colonial English literature in India works through the process of writing back, re-writing and re-reading. Salman Rushdie`s novel Midnight`s Children can be viewed as the quintessential fictional novel for illustrating the near overwhelming and implausible difficulties, innate in creating a national identity amongst a hugely heterogeneous post-colonial society. Bapsi Sidhwa echoes this very same theme in her novel the post-colonial Indian English literature and its unseen maturation Cracking India. Elite class of novelists and writers, that started to emerge, who forever had chalked out a plan to alter the map of post-colonial Indian English literature are Salman Rushdie, Vikram Seth, Amitav Ghosh, Shashi Tharoor who set the literature world on fire. The latest Indian writer who lifted up the world by a storm was Arundhati Roy, Rohinton Mistry, Firdaus Kanga, Kiran Desai, Sudhir, Ardeshir Vakil, and Jhumpa Lahiri are some other renowned writers of Indian origin, penning for post-colonial Indian English literature. The objective of this paper is to define the meaning of colonialism, post-colonialism and to highlight the prominent work of post-modern Indian English literature of eminent writers. | .

Major Charity Organizations and Agencies †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Major Charity Organizations and Agencies. Answer: Introduction: Many homeless people are living in the streets and shelter homes in the capital city of Australia, Sydney. According to some research done to collect data concerning the number of homeless people that can be found in Sydney, street counts were conducted with the aim of determining the current number of these people. Additionally, the homeless people who are in a temporary shelter and homelessness homes were also counted. These counts are often conducted twice a year, and according to the latest count that was done, that is in August 2017, it was determined that 433 people were rough sleepers and another 600 were found to be sleeping in the temporary and crisis accommodation areas during the time of the counting. Regarding the number of hotels or restaurants that were found to have leftover food to spare, research shows that more than ninety percent of restaurants in Sydney often have uneaten food that they usually through away or some of the workers in these restaurants typically take home instead of this food being thrown away. After these restaurants being approached and given this business idea, they were very willing to be part of this charity project because of the benefits that these restaurants would have. Concerning the idea of the market, it is readily available because of the availability of homeless people who stay in these shelters thus it is a guarantee that this plan will work. Furthermore, the smooth acceptance by Uber Company to take part in the fulfilling of this idea is another aspect that will ensure its success. Moreover, the idea of taking part in this charity initiative will lead to Uber and the restaurants avoiding substantial taxes by the government. Furthermore, these businesses will become more famous among people because of the aspect of taking part in charity work. Additionally, people will be able to donate to the charity and Uber. Therefore, they will also benefit. As for the restaurant, there will be no form expense thus leading to a win-win situation. As for homeowners, this idea will be able to help them keep their home environment clean because often, they have to clean their homes because of the leftover food. Furthermore, they do not have to use their containers because the Uber drivers will come with containers to put the food. These containers will be provided by the charity. The idea of one knowing that he or she is helping a needy person will make these homeowners feel good about themselves. Concerning the issue of funding of this idea so that it can take off, being a nonprofit charity idea, we could ask for funding from the government and also well-wishers. Furthermore, we can even ask for funds from other major charity organizations and also nongovernmental agencies concerned with helping the homeless people. These funds will be used for the initial development of the application and buying of the containers that will be used by the Uber drivers for the storage of the food leftovers. The initial cost of developing the app and getting the containers to be given to Uber drivers will be $2000. With these two aspects done, we will depend on well-wishers and donations from people to run the program. The primary aim of this idea is to ensure that at least all the homeless people in shelters in Sydney at least get a meal daily. It is expected to be a success concerning the amount of food waste that is being wasted every day from restaurants and homes. This is an idea that is supposed to change the lives of these homeless people for the better.